All conference manuscripts are posted in working paper form, and should not be interpreted as final products at this time. Draft papers are made available in advance of the conference to provide a common point of reference for facilitating dialogue among attendees during the conference proceedings. All resources posted are in the name of the author(s) and the views expressed do not necessarily reflect those of the National Center on Performance Incentives or sponsoring agencies. Questions about the research, recommendations, and policy recommendations contained within these working papers should be directed to the author(s).